Immunohistochemistry and genomic architecture in lung cancer: a perspective from chest surgery
Inmunohistoquímica y arquitectura genómica en el cáncer pulmonar: perspectiva desde la cirugía de tórax
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Lung cancer represented the second leading cause of cancer and the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States by 2020. In 2016, 538,000 lung cancer cases were reported, with 80,775 men and 68,096 women dying in the same year. The five-year survival rate of 15.6 % in 2011 rose to 19.4 % in 2019, probably associated with a decrease in smokers, mainly due to advances in targeted pharmacological therapies and the development of immunotherapies.
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma, particularly in young, nonsmoking women, has shown an increased incidence. However, survival in this population has had significant advances associated with a better, updated understanding of identifiable biological and genetic mechanisms in lung cancer and a better classification of these tumors into types and subtypes.
Numerous advances in immunohistochemical techniques (in the diagnosis and classification of lung cancer and selection of cases for molecular analysis) and the knowledge of genomic alterations associated with various lung cancer types have changed their treatment approach, especially in advanced stages of tumorigenesis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been identified, making possible the development of novel therapeutic agents with a well-defined, focused target and immunotherapy as an additional therapeutic option for this pathology.
This review is intended to provide a straightforward guide to the tumor architecture (immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis) of lung cancer in its most common types.
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