Guía de práctica clínica sobre el diagnóstico, manejo y seguimiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en Colombia 2023
Clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Colombia 2023
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Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) constituye un importante desafío tanto en el ámbito económico como en el de la salud pública, tanto a nivel mundial como en el contexto colombiano. Esta condición no solo repercute en los pacientes que la padecen, sino que también afecta a sus cuidadores y al sistema de salud en su conjunto. Se ha observado un incremento en el ausentismo laboral tanto por parte de los pacientes como de sus familiares, lo que resulta en pérdidas económicas y oportunidades laborales, agravando aún más el impacto adverso en el individuo y su entorno familiar. El propósito de esta guía clínica es establecer pautas basadas en la evidencia científica disponible para mejorar la atención médica y la gestión de recursos en el tratamiento de la EPOC en la población colombiana.
Objetivo: Esta guía de práctica clínica (GPC) informada en evidencia de la Asociación Colombiana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax (Asoneumocito), Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Interna (ACMI) y Asociación colombiana de medicina familiar (SOCMEF) y Asociación Colombiana de Fisioterapia (ASCOFI), pretende apoyar a los pacientes, profesionales de la salud, y otros actores en la toma de decisiones sobre el diagnostico, enfoque, pronóstico y manejo de adultos con la EPOC en el contexto colombiano.
Materiales y métodos: El Comité de la EPOC de Asoneumocito por delegación de la presidencia de esta, conformó un panel de expertos multidisciplinario para balancear y minimizar el potencial sesgo proveniente de los conflictos de intereses e invitó a las demás asociaciones que hicieron parte de esta guía. La Universidad de los Andes coordinó y desarrolló la actualización o realización de novo de revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura acorde a la metodología GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). El comité de EPOC planteó una serie de preguntas que el panel de expertos priorizó, así como los desenlaces según su importancia para los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes. Se utilizaron los marcos de la Evidencia a la Decisión (EtD) desarrollados por el grupo de trabajo GRADE, los cuales estuvieron sujetos a comentarios públicos.
Resultados: El panel elaboró 10 recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con la EPOC que recibieron alguna de las siguientes intervenciones: oxigenoterapia a largo plazo, vacunación contra virus de influenza, rehabilitación pulmonar, inhaloterapia con anticolinérgicos de acción prolongada, inhaloterapia con terapia triple, suplementos nutricionales, terapia complementaria con azitromicina, cesación tabáquica con vareniclina y reemplazo de alfa-1 antitripsina.
Conclusiones: Las recomendaciones incluidas en esta guía se desarrollaron para el contexto colombiano. El panel consideró que hacen falta por desarrollar estudios de evaluaciones económicas, así como el impacto de las intervenciones evaluadas en áreas como la equidad, aceptabilidad y factibilidad de implementación en Colombia.
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