Envejecimiento del sistema respiratorio

Aging of the respiratory system

Contenido principal del artículo

José Mauricio Ocampo
Carlos Darío Aguilar
José Fernando Gómez

Resumen

El envejecimiento fisiológico de los pulmones está asociado con dilatación de los alvéolos, aumento en el tamaño de los espacios aéreos, disminución de la superficie del intercambio gaseoso y pérdida del tejido de sostén de las vías aéreas. Estos cambios producen una disminución en el retroceso elástico del pulmón, con incremento en el volumen y capacidad residual funcional. La distensibilidad de la caja torácica disminuye lo que incrementa el trabajo respiratorio cuando se compara con personas jóvenes. Con la edad la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios también se disminuye, lo cual se ha asociado con el estado nutricional y la función cardíaca. Los flujos respiratorios disminuyen alterando de forma característica las curvas de flujo-volumen sugiriendo enfermedad de pequeñas vías. La DLCO se disminuye con la edad lo que es debido a alteraciones en los componentes de la membrana alveolo-capilar y de la superficie del área alveolar. A pesar de estos cambios el sistema respiratorio, conserva su capacidad de mantener un adecuado intercambio gaseoso en reposo y ejercicio durante el transcurso de la vida, sólo con una leve disminución de la Pa02 y sin un cambio significativo de la PaC02


El envejecimiento disminuye la reserva respiratoria durante estados de enfermedad aguda. La disminución en la sensibilidad de los centros respiratorios a la hipoxia o hipercapnia altera la respuesta ventilatoria en casos de falla cardíaca descompensada, infección o exacerbación de EPOC.

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Biografía del autor/a (VER)

José Mauricio Ocampo, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales

Especialista en Medicina Familiar, Residente Geriatría Clínica. Programa de Investigaciones en Gerontología y Geriatría. Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud. Universidad de Caldas. Manizales

Carlos Darío Aguilar, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales

Médico Neumólogo. Docente. Universidad de Caldas. Manizales.

José Fernando Gómez, Universidad de Caldas. Manizales

Médico Internista y Geriatra. Coordinador. Programa de Investigaciones en Gerontología y Geriatría. Universidad de Caldas. Manizales.

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